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Der Film ist eine Kunstform, die ihren Ausdruck in der Produktion bewegter Bilder mittels Foto-, Kamera- und Tontechnik findet, bei Stummfilmen war der Ton. Alle Filme im Kino · Die neusten Kinostarts der Woche · Die Film Highlights in der Kino Vorschau · Alle Filme nach Genre · auktion18.eu Film-Archiv. Filme, Stars und News suchen und finden im Filmarchiv von CINEMA Online. Filter. Genre: Abenteuer. Das komplette Kinoprogramm und alle Informationen über Filme und Kino mit aktuellen Trailern, Kritiken und News. Kino, Kurzfilm, Arthouse: Beste Film-Unterhaltung im Livestream und im Replay. Kultfilme, Autorenfilme, Stummfilme – Entdecken Sie die Vielfalt des ARTE-Filmangebots. Erleben Sie anspruchsvolle Spielfilme, Dokumentarfilme und Kurzfilme – rund um die Uhr in der 3sat-Mediathek.
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Aufgrund vielfältigerer Freizeitmöglichkeiten und der Einführung des Fernsehens seit ist die Anzahl der Kinobesuche und Star Bremen die Anzahl der Kinos weltweit in unterschiedlich starker Ausprägung bis in die er Jahre stark zurückgegangen. So 08 Nov. Das jüngste Film Genre hiervon bilden die Machinimamittels Computerspielen erstellte Animationsfilme. Tödliche Geheimnisse. Matis, Anfang 20, ist von Geburt Hamburg Schenefeld geistig behindert. Film - Die Informantin Fernsehfilm. Irgendwann wird es dabei wohl darum gehen, Der Dritte Raum genau eine Idee ist. Nein, danke. Sie haben sich geschworen, dass nichts zwischen sie ….
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Credit: Kobal Collection. Still, even ardent Wellesians should feel gratified at the modest revolution — if only for the proof that film canons and the versions of history they legitimate are not completely fossilised.
There may be no larger significance in the bare fact that a couple of films made in California 17 years apart have traded numerical rankings on a whimsically impressionistic list.
Yet the human urge to interpret chance phenomena will not be denied, and Vertigo is a crafty, duplicitous machine for spinning meaning….
See all votes for Vertigo. Given extraordinary freedom by Hollywood studio RKO for his debut film, boy wonder Welles created a modernist masterpiece that is regularly voted the best film ever made.
But those two films are just still the best at doing what great cinema ought to do: extending the everyday into the visionary. Clearly, no single film is the greatest ever made.
But if there were one, for me Kane would now be the strongest contender, bar none. All celluloid life is present in Citizen Kane; seeing it for the first or umpteenth time remains a revelation.
See all votes for Citizen Kane. So why is it Tokyo Story that is acclaimed by most as his masterpiece?
DVD releases have made available such prewar films as I Was Born, But…, and yet the Ozu vote has not been split, and Tokyo Story has actually climbed two places since It may simply be that in Tokyo Story this most Japanese tofu-maker refined his art to the point of perfection, and crafted a truly universal film about family, time and loss.
See all votes for Tokyo Story. Only Renoir has managed to express on film the most elevated notion of naturalism, examining this world from a perspective that is dark, cruel but objective, before going on to achieve the serenity of the work of his old age.
When F. Murnau left Germany for America in , did cinema foresee what was coming? Did it sense that change was around the corner — that now was the time to fill up on fantasy, delirium and spectacle before talking actors wrenched the artform closer to reality?
Many things make this film more than just a morality tale about temptation and lust, a fable about a young husband so crazy with desire for a city girl that he contemplates drowning his wife, an elemental but sweet story of a husband and wife rediscovering their love for each other.
Sunrise was an example — perhaps never again repeated on the same scale — of unfettered imagination and the clout of the studio system working together rather than at cross purposes.
See all 90 votes for A Space Odyssey. John Ford created perhaps the greatest of all westerns with this tale of a Civil War veteran doggedly hunting the Comanche who have kidnapped his niece.
See all 78 votes for The Searchers. Ranked only no. See all 68 votes for Man with a Movie Camera. Joan was and remains an unassailable giant of early cinema, a transcendental film comprising tears, fire and madness that relies on extreme close-ups of the human face.
See all 65 votes for The Passion of Joan of Arc. Federico Fellini triumphantly conjured himself out of a bad case of creative block with this autobiographical magnum opus about a film director experiencing creative block.
Arguably the film that most accurately captures the agonies of creativity and the circus that surrounds filmmaking, equal parts narcissistic, self-deprecating, bitter, nostalgic, warm, critical and funny.
Finally, Battleship Potemkin. There is little need to say anything about this film. It is on my list because it is one of the first films to show the power of cinema and what it could achieve.
Everyone talks about its use of montage, and is fantastically done. But it is also Brechtian in form, ie it is didactic. It wants to move viewers to feel differently and to act differently as a result of what they experience.
As a result, it has been banned in many places. This film will always move people. Battleship Potemkin because of the imagination of the revolution and its filmic invention.
All of the future search of experimentalism is contained within it. The story moves ahead in a permanent tension between novelty in terms of style and the changes in Russian life at the time and the big frame of history in which the action takes place.
See all 63 votes for Battleship Potemkin. Newly-weds begin their life together on a working barge in this luminous and poetic romance, the only feature film by director Jean Vigo.
Few works have gathered so many elements that would come to transform film narration as Breathless. Even today, we feel that Godard reinvented the art of the cinema, pushing it to the boundaries of risk and experimentation.
Effortless modernity retains its shock value in Breathless. You wonder what there was to discover after See all 57 votes for Breathless.
Apocalypse Now is complex, random and visionary. Everything about it is miraculous. Apocalypse Now is a compelling, groundbreaking film about the journey into the heart of darkness and the insanity of war.
From the opening shot to the bad trip climax, Apocalypse Now is the war film for people who hate war films, and a fitting cinematic end to a decade when the rulebook was torn up and wild excess encouraged.
Everything else seems a little flat after you see this. See all 53 votes for Apocalypse Now. Chishu Ryu and Setsuko Hara star.
See all 50 votes for Late Spring. Au hasard Balthazar is a film that will continue to exist outside the conventional limitations of time and space.
Au Hasard is an overpowering experience, but nothing to do with sentiment, more a troubling recognition of the fathomless suffering in the world.
See all 49 votes for Au hasard Balthazar. Credit: Toho Co. Seven Samurai is consummate Kurosawa and perhaps the greatest action picture ever made, as emotionally as it is physically exhausting.
See all 48 votes for Seven Samurai. It is like a conundrum that changes every time you watch it. Hence it stands outside of time yes, it is vampiric, if you like.
Together with Nykvist, Andersson and Ullman, Bergman explores the soul behind the mask. See all 48 votes for Persona.
Andrei Tarkovsky drew on memories of a rural childhood before WWII for this personal, impressionistic and unconventional film poem.
If — following the usual method of film watching — we identify with the protagonist, then the film becomes a meditation on our own relationship with ourselves: narrative cinema brought full circle to its point zero.
See all 47 votes for Mirror. Every time you watch it, you notice something new. Working with his biggest budget to date, Jean-Luc Godard created a sublime widescreen drama about marital breakdown, set during pre-production on a film shoot.
I love his troubled and troubling narration, his obsession with breaking the codes of popular cinema using some typical Godardian tropes: minimal dialogues with strange gestures, stares and situations.
It is the pinnacle of something, and is so beautifully inspired by classical Greco-German-Roman culture. It is even dedicated to Fritz Lang as a master.
The Godfather Part I works as a masterful portrait of modern societies. In the s, the development of electronic sound recording technologies made it practical to incorporate a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen.
By , silent film was practically extinct in the US and already being referred to as "the old medium. Another major technological development was the introduction of " natural color ," which meant color that was photographically recorded from nature rather than added to black-and-white prints by hand-coloring, stencil-coloring or other arbitrary procedures, although the earliest processes typically yielded colors which were far from "natural" in appearance.
The expense of the process was daunting, but favorable public response in the form of increased box office receipts usually justified the added cost.
The number of films made in color slowly increased year after year. In the early s, the proliferation of black-and-white television started seriously depressing North American theater attendance.
Some important mainstream Hollywood films were still being made in black-and-white as late as the mids, but they marked the end of an era.
Color television receivers had been available in the US since the mids, but at first, they were very expensive and few broadcasts were in color.
During the s, prices gradually came down, color broadcasts became common, and sales boomed. The overwhelming public verdict in favor of color was clear.
After the final flurry of black-and-white films had been released in mid-decade, all Hollywood studio productions were filmed in color, with the usual exceptions made only at the insistence of "star" filmmakers such as Peter Bogdanovich and Martin Scorsese.
The decades following the decline of the studio system in the s saw changes in the production and style of film. Various New Wave movements including the French New Wave , Indian New Wave , Japanese New Wave , and New Hollywood and the rise of film-school-educated independent filmmakers contributed to the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century.
Digital technology has been the driving force for change throughout the s and into the s. Digital 3D projection largely replaced earlier problem-prone 3D film systems and has become popular in the early s.
More recent analysis spurred by Jacques Lacan 's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure 's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytic film theory , structuralist film theory , feminist film theory , and others.
On the other hand, critics from the analytical philosophy tradition, influenced by Wittgenstein , try to clarify misconceptions used in theoretical studies and produce analysis of a film's vocabulary and its link to a form of life.
Film is considered to have its own language. James Monaco wrote a classic text on film theory, titled "How to Read a Film," that addresses this.
Director Ingmar Bergman famously said, " Andrei Tarkovsky for me is the greatest director , the one who invented a new language , true to the nature of film, as it captures life as a reflection, life as a dream.
This describes another theory of film, the degree rule , as a visual story-telling device with an ability to place a viewer in a context of being psychologically present through the use of visual composition and editing.
The " Hollywood style " includes this narrative theory, due to the overwhelming practice of the rule by movie studios based in Hollywood, California, during film's classical era.
Another example of cinematic language is having a shot that zooms in on the forehead of an actor with an expression of silent reflection that cuts to a shot of a younger actor who vaguely resembles the first actor, indicating that the first person is remembering a past self, an edit of compositions that causes a time transition.
Montage is the technique by which separate pieces of film are selected, edited, and then pieced together to make a new section of film.
A scene could show a man going into battle, with flashbacks to his youth and to his home-life and with added special effects, placed into the film after filming is complete.
As these were all filmed separately, and perhaps with different actors, the final version is called a montage.
Directors developed a theory of montage, beginning with Eisenstein and the complex juxtaposition of images in his film Battleship Potemkin.
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines , and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate their opinions.
Despite this, critics have an important impact on the audience response and attendance at films, especially those of certain genres.
Mass marketed action , horror , and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film.
The plot summary and description of a film and the assessment of the director's and screenwriters' work that makes up the majority of most film reviews can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film.
For prestige films such as most dramas and art films , the influence of reviews is important. Poor reviews from leading critics at major papers and magazines will often reduce audience interest and attendance.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some observers claim that movie marketing in the s is so intense, well-coordinated and well financed that reviewers cannot prevent a poorly written or filmed blockbuster from attaining market success.
However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily promoted films which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent films indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence.
Other observers note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film.
However, this usually backfires, as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
Journalist film critics are sometimes called film reviewers. Critics who take a more academic approach to films, through publishing in film journals and writing books about films using film theory or film studies approaches, study how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people.
Rather than having their reviews published in newspapers or appearing on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals or up-market magazines.
They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities as professors or instructors. The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented.
In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import, and screen additional product commercially.
The Oberammergau Passion Play of [ citation needed ] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world.
Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances.
By Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. From to , film was also the only image storage and playback system for television programming until the introduction of videotape recorders.
In the United States, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood, California. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai -centered Bollywood , the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns , an example being Kevin Costner 's Waterworld.
Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards also known as "the Oscars" are the most prominent film awards in the United States , providing recognition each year to films, based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Revenue in the industry is sometimes volatile due to the reliance on blockbuster films released in movie theaters.
The rise of alternative home entertainment has raised questions about the future of the cinema industry, and Hollywood employment has become less reliable, particularly for medium and low-budget films.
Derivative academic fields of study may both interact with and develop independently of filmmaking, as in film theory and analysis. Fields of academic study have been created that are derivative or dependent on the existence of film, such as film criticism , film history , divisions of film propaganda in authoritarian governments, or psychological on subliminal effects e.
These fields may further create derivative fields, such as a movie review section in a newspaper or a television guide. Sub-industries can spin off from film, such as popcorn makers, and film-related toys e.
Sub-industries of pre-existing industries may deal specifically with film, such as product placement and other advertising within films.
The terminology used for describing motion pictures varies considerably between British and American English. In British usage, the name of the medium is "film".
The word "movie" is understood but seldom used. In other countries, the place where movies are exhibited may be called a cinema or movie theatre.
By contrast, in the United States, "movie" is the predominant form. Although the words "film" and "movie" are sometimes used interchangeably, "film" is more often used when considering artistic , theoretical , or technical aspects.
The term "movies" more often refers to entertainment or commercial aspects, as where to go for fun evening on a date.
For example, a book titled "How to Understand a Film" would probably be about the aesthetics or theory of film, while a book entitled "Let's Go to the Movies" would probably be about the history of entertaining movies and blockbusters.
Further terminology is used to distinguish various forms and media used in the film industry. A reproduction based on such is called a "transfer. For many decades, tape was solely an analog medium onto which moving images could be either recorded or transferred.
However, the act of shooting images with other visual media, such as with a digital camera, is still called "filming" and the resulting works often called "films" as interchangeable to "movies," despite not being shot on film.
The word, " Talkies ," refers to the earliest sound films created to have audible dialogue recorded for playback along with the film, regardless of a musical accompaniment.
The " silver screen " refers to the projection screen used to exhibit films and, by extension, is also used as a metonym for the entire film industry.
An " independent " is a film made outside the conventional film industry. In US usage, one talks of a " screening " or " projection " of a movie or video on a screen at a public or private "theater.
Theaters can still screen movies in them, though the theater would be retrofitted to do so. One might propose "going to the cinema" when referring to the activity, or sometimes "to the pictures" in British English, whereas the US expression is usually "going to the movies.
But, cinemas may also show theatrical movies from their home video transfers that include Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and videocassette when they possess sufficient projection quality or based upon need, such as movies that exist only in their transferred state, which may be due to the loss or deterioration of the film master and prints from which the movie originally existed.
Due to the advent of digital film production and distribution , physical film might be absent entirely. A " double feature " is a screening of two independently marketed, stand-alone feature films.
A "viewing" is a watching of a film. A " release " is the distribution and often simultaneous screening of a film. A " preview " is a screening in advance of the main release.
Any film may also have a " sequel ", which portrays events following those in the film. Bride of Frankenstein is an early example.
When there are more films than one with the same characters, story arcs, or subject themes, these movies become a "series," such as the James Bond series.
And, existing outside a specific story timeline usually, does not exclude a film from being part of a series. A film that portrays events occurring earlier in a timeline with those in another film, but is released after that film, is sometimes called a " prequel ," an example being Butch and Sundance: The Early Days.
The "credits," or "end credits," is a list that gives credit to the people involved in the production of a film. Films from before the s usually start a film with credits, often ending with only a title card, saying "The End" or some equivalent, often an equivalent that depends on the language of the production [ citation needed ].
From then onward, a film's credits usually appear at the end of most films. However, films with credits that end a film often repeat some credits at or near the start of a film and therefore appear twice, such as that film's acting leads, while less frequently some appearing near or at the beginning only appear there, not at the end, which often happens to the director's credit.
The credits appearing at or near the beginning of a film are usually called "titles" or "beginning titles.
Ferris Bueller's Day Off has a post-credit scene in which Ferris tells the audience that the film is over and they should go home.
A film's "cast" refers to a collection of the actors and actresses who appear, or "star," in a film. A star is an actor or actress, often a popular one, and in many cases, a celebrity who plays a central character in a film.
Occasionally the word can also be used to refer to the fame of other members of the crew, such as a director or other personality, such as Martin Scorsese.
A "crew" is usually interpreted as the people involved in a film's physical construction outside cast participation, and it could include directors, film editors, photographers, grips, gaffers, set decorators, prop masters, and costume designers.
A person can both be part of a film's cast and crew, such as Woody Allen , who directed and starred in Take the Money and Run. A "film goer," "movie goer," or "film buff" is a person who likes or often attends films and movies, and any of these, though more often the latter, could also see oneself as a student to films and movies or the filmic process.
Intense interest in films, film theory, and film criticism, is known as cinephilia. A film enthusiast is known as a cinephile or cineaste.
A preview performance refers to a showing of a film to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself.
Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections based on the audience response.
One example of a film that was changed after a negative response from the test screening is 's First Blood. After the test audience responded very negatively to the death of protagonist John Rambo , a Vietnam veteran , at the end of the film, the company wrote and re-shot a new ending in which the character survives.
Trailers or previews are advertisements for films that will be shown in 1 to 3 months at a cinema. Shirley review: Elisabeth Moss's Gothic biopic is a gruelling muddle.
By Robbie Collin 30 Oct , pm. By Tim Robey 28 Oct , pm. Robbie Collin 2 Nov , pm. News Read more. By Tim Robey 2 Nov , pm. Reviews Read more.
By Roger Lewis 1 Nov , am. By Michael Hogan 28 Oct , pm. Summer of 85, review: how first love can feel like a matter of life-and-death.
By Robbie Collin 22 Oct , am. Borat Subsequent Moviefilm, review: Trump rallies, ugly songs and some truly rotten jokes. By Robbie Collin 21 Oct , pm.
By Tim Robey 21 Oct , pm.
Views Read View source View history. Muybridge had the Inception Streaming of dozens of his chronophotographic series traced onto glass discs and projected them with his zoopraxiscope in his lectures from to Murnau left Germany for America inDer Eismann cinema foresee what was coming? The Making of 'Jurassic Park' Documentary. Of the ten billion videos watched online annually in Film, film trailers ranked third, after news and user-created videos. See all 17 votes for Touki Bouki. The late Scot could have rested on his laurels after leaving behind. On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also lead to conservative choices in cast and crew. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations Herzkönigin Alice Im Wunderland Film has importance as primary historical documentation. By contrast, in the United States, "movie" is the predominant form.The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some observers claim that movie marketing in the s is so intense, well-coordinated and well financed that reviewers cannot prevent a poorly written or filmed blockbuster from attaining market success.
However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily promoted films which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent films indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence.
Other observers note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film.
However, this usually backfires, as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
Journalist film critics are sometimes called film reviewers. Critics who take a more academic approach to films, through publishing in film journals and writing books about films using film theory or film studies approaches, study how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people.
Rather than having their reviews published in newspapers or appearing on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals or up-market magazines.
They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities as professors or instructors. The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented.
In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import, and screen additional product commercially.
The Oberammergau Passion Play of [ citation needed ] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world.
Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances.
By Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. From to , film was also the only image storage and playback system for television programming until the introduction of videotape recorders.
In the United States, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood, California. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai -centered Bollywood , the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns , an example being Kevin Costner 's Waterworld.
Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards also known as "the Oscars" are the most prominent film awards in the United States , providing recognition each year to films, based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Revenue in the industry is sometimes volatile due to the reliance on blockbuster films released in movie theaters.
The rise of alternative home entertainment has raised questions about the future of the cinema industry, and Hollywood employment has become less reliable, particularly for medium and low-budget films.
Derivative academic fields of study may both interact with and develop independently of filmmaking, as in film theory and analysis.
Fields of academic study have been created that are derivative or dependent on the existence of film, such as film criticism , film history , divisions of film propaganda in authoritarian governments, or psychological on subliminal effects e.
These fields may further create derivative fields, such as a movie review section in a newspaper or a television guide.
Sub-industries can spin off from film, such as popcorn makers, and film-related toys e. Sub-industries of pre-existing industries may deal specifically with film, such as product placement and other advertising within films.
The terminology used for describing motion pictures varies considerably between British and American English. In British usage, the name of the medium is "film".
The word "movie" is understood but seldom used. In other countries, the place where movies are exhibited may be called a cinema or movie theatre.
By contrast, in the United States, "movie" is the predominant form. Although the words "film" and "movie" are sometimes used interchangeably, "film" is more often used when considering artistic , theoretical , or technical aspects.
The term "movies" more often refers to entertainment or commercial aspects, as where to go for fun evening on a date. For example, a book titled "How to Understand a Film" would probably be about the aesthetics or theory of film, while a book entitled "Let's Go to the Movies" would probably be about the history of entertaining movies and blockbusters.
Further terminology is used to distinguish various forms and media used in the film industry. A reproduction based on such is called a "transfer.
For many decades, tape was solely an analog medium onto which moving images could be either recorded or transferred. However, the act of shooting images with other visual media, such as with a digital camera, is still called "filming" and the resulting works often called "films" as interchangeable to "movies," despite not being shot on film.
The word, " Talkies ," refers to the earliest sound films created to have audible dialogue recorded for playback along with the film, regardless of a musical accompaniment.
The " silver screen " refers to the projection screen used to exhibit films and, by extension, is also used as a metonym for the entire film industry.
An " independent " is a film made outside the conventional film industry. In US usage, one talks of a " screening " or " projection " of a movie or video on a screen at a public or private "theater.
Theaters can still screen movies in them, though the theater would be retrofitted to do so. One might propose "going to the cinema" when referring to the activity, or sometimes "to the pictures" in British English, whereas the US expression is usually "going to the movies.
But, cinemas may also show theatrical movies from their home video transfers that include Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and videocassette when they possess sufficient projection quality or based upon need, such as movies that exist only in their transferred state, which may be due to the loss or deterioration of the film master and prints from which the movie originally existed.
Due to the advent of digital film production and distribution , physical film might be absent entirely. A " double feature " is a screening of two independently marketed, stand-alone feature films.
A "viewing" is a watching of a film. A " release " is the distribution and often simultaneous screening of a film.
A " preview " is a screening in advance of the main release. Any film may also have a " sequel ", which portrays events following those in the film.
Bride of Frankenstein is an early example. When there are more films than one with the same characters, story arcs, or subject themes, these movies become a "series," such as the James Bond series.
And, existing outside a specific story timeline usually, does not exclude a film from being part of a series. A film that portrays events occurring earlier in a timeline with those in another film, but is released after that film, is sometimes called a " prequel ," an example being Butch and Sundance: The Early Days.
The "credits," or "end credits," is a list that gives credit to the people involved in the production of a film.
Films from before the s usually start a film with credits, often ending with only a title card, saying "The End" or some equivalent, often an equivalent that depends on the language of the production [ citation needed ].
From then onward, a film's credits usually appear at the end of most films. However, films with credits that end a film often repeat some credits at or near the start of a film and therefore appear twice, such as that film's acting leads, while less frequently some appearing near or at the beginning only appear there, not at the end, which often happens to the director's credit.
The credits appearing at or near the beginning of a film are usually called "titles" or "beginning titles. Ferris Bueller's Day Off has a post-credit scene in which Ferris tells the audience that the film is over and they should go home.
A film's "cast" refers to a collection of the actors and actresses who appear, or "star," in a film. A star is an actor or actress, often a popular one, and in many cases, a celebrity who plays a central character in a film.
Occasionally the word can also be used to refer to the fame of other members of the crew, such as a director or other personality, such as Martin Scorsese.
A "crew" is usually interpreted as the people involved in a film's physical construction outside cast participation, and it could include directors, film editors, photographers, grips, gaffers, set decorators, prop masters, and costume designers.
A person can both be part of a film's cast and crew, such as Woody Allen , who directed and starred in Take the Money and Run.
A "film goer," "movie goer," or "film buff" is a person who likes or often attends films and movies, and any of these, though more often the latter, could also see oneself as a student to films and movies or the filmic process.
Intense interest in films, film theory, and film criticism, is known as cinephilia. A film enthusiast is known as a cinephile or cineaste.
A preview performance refers to a showing of a film to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself.
Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections based on the audience response.
One example of a film that was changed after a negative response from the test screening is 's First Blood. After the test audience responded very negatively to the death of protagonist John Rambo , a Vietnam veteran , at the end of the film, the company wrote and re-shot a new ending in which the character survives.
Trailers or previews are advertisements for films that will be shown in 1 to 3 months at a cinema. Back in the early days of cinema, with theaters that had only one or two screens, only certain trailers were shown for the films that were going to be shown there.
Later, when theaters added more screens or new theaters were built with a lot of screens, all different trailers were shown even if they weren't going to play that film in that theater.
Film studios realized that the more trailers that were shown even if it wasn't going to be shown in that particular theater the more patrons would go to a different theater to see the film when it came out.
The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film program. That practice did not last long because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck.
Trailers are now shown before the film or the "A film" in a double feature program begins. Trailers are created to be engaging and interesting for viewers.
As a result, in the Internet era, viewers often seek out trailers to watch them. Of the ten billion videos watched online annually in , film trailers ranked third, after news and user-created videos.
Teasers are used to get patrons excited about a film coming out in the next six to twelve months. Teasers may be produced even before the film production is completed.
Film is used for a range of goals, including education and propaganda. When the purpose is primarily educational, a film is called an " educational film ".
Examples are recordings of academic lectures and experiments, or a film based on a classic novel. They may also be works of political protest, as in the films of Andrzej Wajda , or more subtly, the films of Andrei Tarkovsky.
The same film may be considered educational by some, and propaganda by others as the categorization of a film can be subjective. At its core, the means to produce a film depend on the content the filmmaker wishes to show, and the apparatus for displaying it: the zoetrope merely requires a series of images on a strip of paper.
Film production can, therefore, take as little as one person with a camera or even without a camera, as in Stan Brakhage 's film Mothlight , or thousands of actors, extras, and crew members for a live-action, feature-length epic.
The necessary steps for almost any film can be boiled down to conception, planning, execution, revision, and distribution.
The more involved the production, the more significant each of the steps becomes. In a typical production cycle of a Hollywood-style film, these main stages are defined as development , pre-production , production , post-production and distribution.
This production cycle usually takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production.
The third year, post-production and distribution. The bigger the production, the more resources it takes, and the more important financing becomes; most feature films are artistic works from the creators' perspective e.
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture.
Crew is distinguished from cast , who are the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film.
The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff , consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as screenwriters and film editors.
Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well-defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments.
Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics i. Caterers known in the film industry as "craft services" are usually not considered part of the crew.
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid , acetate , or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials.
The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures, many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography.
It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations and often has importance as primary historical documentation.
However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives.
Most films on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them as of a poor choice for long-term preservation.
Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations and thereby increase revenue.
Preservation is generally a higher concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black-and-white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production.
Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are preferred by some film-makers, especially because footage shot with digital cinema can be evaluated and edited with non-linear editing systems NLE without waiting for the film stock to be processed.
The migration was gradual, and as of , most major motion pictures were still shot on film. Independent filmmaking often takes place outside Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
An independent film or indie film is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major film studio. Creative, business and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also lead to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros.
Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles. Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film.
But the advent of consumer camcorders in , and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early s, have lowered the technology barrier to film production significantly.
Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; in the s, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer.
Technologies such as DVDs , FireWire connections and a wide variety of professional and consumer-grade video editing software make film-making relatively affordable.
Since the introduction of digital video DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot a film with a digital video camera and edit the film, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a high-end home computer.
However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system.
Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video websites such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the filmmaking landscape, enabling indie filmmakers to make their films available to the public.
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright.
Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program , comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators.
Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs , but some of the most notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels.
Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures.
Film distribution is the process through which a film is made available for viewing by an audience. This is normally the task of a professional film distributor , who would determine the marketing strategy of the film, the media by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing, and may set the release date and other matters.
The film may be exhibited directly to the public either through a movie theater historically the main way films were distributed or television for personal home viewing including on DVD-Video or Blu-ray Disc , video-on-demand , online downloading , television programs through broadcast syndication etc.
Other ways of distributing a film include rental or personal purchase of the film in a variety of media and formats, such as VHS tape or DVD , or Internet downloading or streaming using a computer.
Animation is a technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit see claymation and stop motion , and then photographing the result with a special animation camera.
When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement due to the phi phenomenon.
Generating such a film is very labor-intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process. Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and films comes from professional animation studios.
However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the s, with animation being produced by independent studios and sometimes by a single person.
Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process.
This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera in the United States , and by Osamu Tezuka in Japan , and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.
Camera-less animation, made famous by film-makers like Norman McLaren , Len Lye , and Stan Brakhage , is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sequence of images that give the impression of movement, stored on film stock. For other uses, see Film disambiguation , Movie disambiguation , and Moving picture disambiguation.
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Cinematography Principal photography Videography Shooting script Film inventory report Daily call sheet Production report Daily production report Daily progress report Daily editor log Sound report Cost report.
Distribution Film release wide limited delayed. Related topics. Film history Filmography Guerrilla filmmaking. See also. Main articles: History of film technology and History of film.
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