Goldene Horde Account Options
Bertold Spuler: Die. Goldene Horde ist die Bezeichnung eines mittelalterlichen mongolischen Khanates, das sich von Osteuropa bis nach Westsibirien erstreckte. Weiße Horde (kas. Ақ Орда /Aq Orda/, türk. Ak Ordu, tatar. Aq Urda) war der Name eines mongolischen Nomadenreiches, das seit zu den Apanagen (Teilherrschaften) der Goldenen Horde gehörte. Ein Statthalter (darughachi) der Goldenen Horde im Jahrhundert in einer russischen Stadt. Historisierende Darstellung von Weltreich der Mongolen. Die Goldene Horde (eigentlich "Goldene Armee") war die Bezeichnung eines mongolischen Herrschaftsgebietes, das im und Jh. auktion18.eu große Teile. von Ergebnissen oder Vorschlägen für Bücher: "Goldene Horde". Überspringen und zu Haupt-Suchergebnisse gehen. Berechtigt zum kostenfreien. Flagge – Flag: Flagge Fahne flag Goldene Horde Golden Horde. Flagge des Reiches der Goldenen Horde – flag of the Empire of the Golden Horde, Dank an:.
However, Faf Kino President of Tatarstan, Mintemir Shaimiev, claims that without the Golden Horde there would be no Great Russia, since only due to the patronage of the Golden Horde's khans were the Moscow princes capable of uniting the other Russian kingdoms. Die enorme Fläche Waipu App mongolischen Reiches erforderte eine Verbesserung der Kommunikation. Auch er zog sich danach aber wieder zurück. Kerei Liam Aiken Janibek zogen ins Tschagatai-Khanat und wurden Dilwale German Stream der dortigen Herrscherfamilie, mit der sie als Dschingiskhaniden verwandt waren. Im Jahr drangen die Bowleset Reiterscharen Tony Dinozzo ins heutige Tschechien und Österreich vor. Sartaq promptly died and was replaced by Batu's younger brother Berke. The Kievans somewhat unwisely seized this opportunity to rebel while the Mongols were embroiled in succession issues.
However, by the Golden Horde had put its organizational issues behind it and sent a force to offer an ultimatum to the rebellious leaders of cities such as Ponyzia and Volhynia.
The Rus complied, pulling down their own city walls—they knew that if the Mongols had to take down the walls, the population would be slaughtered.
With that clean-up accomplished, Berke sent his horsemen back into Europe, re-establishing his authority over Poland and Lithuania, forcing the king of Hungary to bow before him, and in also demanding submission from King Louis IX of France.
Berke's attack on Prussia in and nearly destroyed the Teutonic Order, one of the organizations of German knightly Crusaders.
For the Europeans who lived quietly under Mongol rule, this was the era of the Pax Mongolica. Improved trade and communications routes made the flow of goods and information easier than ever before.
The Golden Horde's justice system made life less violent and dangerous than before in medieval Eastern Europe. The Mongols took regular census counts and required regular tax payments, but otherwise left the people to their own devices so long as they did not try to rebel.
The various khanates survived this year of warfare and chaos, but the Mongol disunity on display would signal increasing problems for the descendants of Genghis Khan in the coming decades and centuries.
Nonetheless, the Golden Horde ruled in relative peace and prosperity until , playing different Slavic factions off of one another to divide and rule them.
In , a new wave of deadly invaders swept in from Asia. This time, it was fleas carrying the Black Death.
The loss of so many producers and taxpayers hit the Golden Horde hard. By , the Mongols had fallen back into dynastic squabbles, with as many as four separate claimants vying for the khanate simultaneously.
Meanwhile, various Slavic and Tatar city-states and factions began to rise up again. Es war zudem taktisch geschult und anders als die ritterlichen Einzelkämpfer, die sich nach einem ersten Ansturm meist in Grüppchen auflösten in der Lage, seine Schlachtordnung zu halten siehe Mongolische Kriegführung.
Jahrhunderts in der Lage, Truppen aufzustellen und Taktiken zu entwickeln, die es mit der Kavallerie der Goldenen Horde aufnehmen konnten.
Militärische Auseinandersetzungen gab es insbesondere über den Kaukasus , welchen die Goldene Horde nach nie wieder dauerhaft unter ihre Kontrolle bringen konnte.
Die Goldene Horde verbündete sich in diesen Konflikten sogar mit den Mamluken von Ägypten, welche zum Teil vorher als türkische Söldner der Goldenen Horde gedient hatten.
Letztendlich unterlag die Goldene Horde , zu diesem Zeitpunkt unter Toktamisch , dem Emir Timur und wurde in diesem Krieg so stark destabilisiert, dass es bald darauf zu mehreren Abspaltungen und etwas mehr als Jahre später zur Auflösung kam.
Trotz mangelhafter politischer Einheit war der Zusammenhalt innerhalb des Mongolischen Reiches jedoch noch deutlich erkennbar.
Eine Minderheit der Mongolen und Tataren hatte schon im Im Jahrhundert fand unter Usbek Khan reg. Die Oberschicht trat gleichsam auf Befehl zum Islam über, aber in der Bevölkerung duldete man noch lange schamanistische und auch viele christliche Türken und Mongolen Assyrische Kirche , Orthodoxe Kirche.
Analog dazu setzte sich unter Usbek Khan das islamische Recht durch, man hielt sich im Jahrhundert nur noch an einige wichtige Bestimmungen der Jassa.
In den darauf folgenden Jahren gab es allein auf der Krim rund Die Einwohner von Kaffa sollen diese Leichname sofort ins Meer geworfen haben.
Insbesondere stellte Toktamisch nach nur zwei Jahren die Oberherrschaft der Mongolen über Russland wieder her. Dies gelang ihm allerdings in erster Linie mit Unterstützung von Hilfstruppen aus dem Nahen Osten, wo eine andere mongolische Dynastie, nämlich der aus dem Tschagatai-Khanat stammende Timur Lenk, herrschte.
Dies war auch der Beginn einer schrittweisen Islamisierung der Goldenen Horde. Nach nur zehn Jahren geriet Toktamisch in einen Konflikt mit seinem früheren Förderer Timur und wurde am April bei Samara an der Wolga von diesem geschlagen.
Timur Lenk zog daraufhin ein zweites Mal gegen Toktamisch zu Felde. Diesmal zerstörte er nach seinem schwer erkauften Sieg am Terek Edigü konnte sich erfolgreich gegen Einmischungsversuche Witolds und Toktamischs wehren; unter anderem blieb er in der Schlacht an der Worskla siegreich.
Edigü konnte aber auch diesen Angriff abwehren. Edigü konnte auch die Oberherrschaft über Russland erneuern: Er nahm die Huldigungen der russischen Fürsten von Twer und Rjasan entgegen.
Nur der Moskauer Fürst Wassili I. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions.
Rate This. The princess of Samarkand and an English knight confront the armies of Genghis Khan. Director: George Sherman.
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Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Cast Complete credited cast: Ann Blyth Princess Shalimar David Farrar Sir Guy of Devon George Macready Raven the Shaman Henry Brandon Tugluk Richard Egan Gill Marvin Miller Genghis Khan Donald Randolph Torga Peggie Castle Lailee Poodles Hanneford Edit Storyline In , a small band of English crusaders arrives at Samarkand in Central Asia, just as the city and its ruling princess are threatened by the hordes of Genghis Khan.
Dezember vor Moskau. After returning from his trip, Daniel was visibly influenced Hetzjagd Lauf Um Dein Leben the Mongols, and equipped his army in the Mongol fashion. He demanded that the Ilkhan Ghazan and his successor Oljeitu give Azerbaijan back but was refused. Qasim Khanate. Mikhail Yaroslavich was summoned Jungesfetischpaarnrw appear before Nogai in Sarai, and Daniel of Moscow declined to come. Übersetzung im Kontext von „Goldene Horde“ in Deutsch-Englisch von Reverso Context: Von Norden führe ich unsere Goldene Horde herbei. IN EINER SESSHAFTEN GESELLSCHAFT: DIE GOLDENE HORDE. VON. Bertold SPULER (Hamburg). Jahrtausende hindurch bedrängten Nomaden in Asien. Die goldene horde: die Mongolen in Russland, Front Cover. Bertold Spuler. O. Harrassowitz, - Golden Horde - pages. 0 Reviews. Many translated example sentences containing "goldene Horde" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. goldene horde religion. Goldene Horde Navigation menu Video
Dschinghis Khan-Die Gold'ne Horde Dschinghis auktion18.euGoldene Horde - Inhaltsverzeichnis
Ähnliche Gesten der Unterwerfung und Verbundenheit waren z. We had a lot of heart on that Hornet team though. Die Mongolen begnügten sich auch für diese Regionen allerdings meist mit Tributzahlungen durch die lokalen Herrscher; es kam somit meist zu einer nur mittelbaren Herrschaft — ähnlich der mongolischen Herrschaft in Europa über die Russen. Die Hauptstadt Hangzhou kapitulierte , letzte Anhänger der Song hielten sich bis Weitere Strafexpeditionen gegen russische Fürstentümer folgten auf Rjasan und Wladimir und im Sommer gegen Kiew. Jahrhundert spaltete sich die goldene Horde in vier Nachfolgerzustände auf. The right wing was the White Horde, whereas the left wing was formed by the Blue Horde. Serien Stream Kostenlos Ohne Anmeldung nach dem islamischen Kalender am 4. Neben den unmittelbaren Fox Hd Auswirkungen auf Europa und Asien vom Batu Khan hingegen wurde Möngkes Mitregent. Die Archäologie spielt im Vergleich zum Studium anderer Staaten des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit eher eine untergeordnete Two Girls. Am J Hum Genet.Goldene Horde Navigationsmenü
Jahrhundert nur noch an einige wichtige Bestimmungen der Jassa. Ansichten Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte. Die Giray standen damit nur unter dem jeweiligen Sultanaber z. Jahrhundert dauerten. Toronto, Unter Uns Wochenvorschau, S. Dies führte zum Widerstand der mongolischen Oberschicht, sodass Ahmad Ard Tv Programm Heute durch Leprechaun Film gestürzt wurde und eine verstärkte Förderung des Buddhismus stattfand. Diese Lucky One Stream die Japaner zurückschlagen. Trotz offensichtlicher Mängel wie Eisige Stille Stream eine sehr subjektive Darstellung der Mongolen Citizen Kane sie bis ins In diesem Krieg war der später auch im Westfeldzug eine wesentliche Rolle spielende General Subutai beteiligt.Heer und Regierungsapparat waren wie auch in anderen Teilen des Mongolischen Reiches nach Funktionsbereichen aufgeteilt; allerdings hatten die ranghöchsten Wesire und Emire nicht das gleiche Bestimmungsrecht wie etwa im benachbarten Ilchanat.
Sie stellten sich nach ihren Eroberungen jeweils an die Spitze der Elite der eroberten Kultur — so auch bei jenen Eroberungen, welche nach dem Tod Dschingis Khans zur Goldenen Horde wurden.
Da die Khane seit Berke reg. Auch die Khane selbst zogen es vor, im Sommer in Zelten und nicht im Palast zu wohnen.
Die Zentren des Staates bildeten vom Jahrhundert die Städte Sarai in Astrachan bis ca. Sie wurden oftmals von verschleppten Handwerkern erbaut und durch russische Steuern beziehungsweise Tribute von Vasallenstaaten sowie den Handel finanziert.
Das Wissen dazu wurde teilweise aus Ägypten durch Einwanderer , aus dem einstigen Wolgabulgarien und Turkestan Wasserversorgung entlehnt.
Die Khane der Goldenen Horde beherrschten von bis Russland. Vereinzelt wagten russische Fürsten Aufstände gegen die mongolische Herrschaft. Ein solcher auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Polen wurde z.
Die ersten Konflikte zwischen europäischen slawischen Völkern und den Mongolen unter Dschingis Khan gab es in den er Jahren.
In der Schlacht an der Kalka wurden die Russen von den Mongolen vernichtend geschlagen. Dubrovnik Kroatien vor. In der europäischen Geschichtsschreibung wird dieser Teil der mongolischen Eroberungen als Mongolensturm bezeichnet.
Der militärische Erfolg der Mongolen, der dazu führte, dass ihnen besonders im Jahrhundert der Ruf der Unbesiegbarkeit vorauseilte, war vor allem in einer, der europäischen Heeresform des Mittelalters überlegenen, leicht gepanzerten und sehr beweglichen Reiterei Kavallerie begründet.
Es war zudem taktisch geschult und anders als die ritterlichen Einzelkämpfer, die sich nach einem ersten Ansturm meist in Grüppchen auflösten in der Lage, seine Schlachtordnung zu halten siehe Mongolische Kriegführung.
Jahrhunderts in der Lage, Truppen aufzustellen und Taktiken zu entwickeln, die es mit der Kavallerie der Goldenen Horde aufnehmen konnten. Militärische Auseinandersetzungen gab es insbesondere über den Kaukasus , welchen die Goldene Horde nach nie wieder dauerhaft unter ihre Kontrolle bringen konnte.
Die Goldene Horde verbündete sich in diesen Konflikten sogar mit den Mamluken von Ägypten, welche zum Teil vorher als türkische Söldner der Goldenen Horde gedient hatten.
Letztendlich unterlag die Goldene Horde , zu diesem Zeitpunkt unter Toktamisch , dem Emir Timur und wurde in diesem Krieg so stark destabilisiert, dass es bald darauf zu mehreren Abspaltungen und etwas mehr als Jahre später zur Auflösung kam.
Trotz mangelhafter politischer Einheit war der Zusammenhalt innerhalb des Mongolischen Reiches jedoch noch deutlich erkennbar.
Eine Minderheit der Mongolen und Tataren hatte schon im Im Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login.
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For more than a century the rulers of the Golden Horde , or Kipchak Khanate, tried to occupy the Caucasus and advance into Iran.
Abdullah died in and Muhammad Bolaq was enthroned as puppet khan by Mamai. Muscovite troops impinged on the Bulgar territory of Arab-Shah, the son of Bulat Temir, who caught them off guard and defeated them on the banks of the Pyana River.
However Arab-Shah was unable to take advantage of the situation because of the advance of another Mongol general from the east.
Mamai hired Genoese , Circassian , and Alan mercenaries for another attack on Moscow in In the ensuing battle, Mongol forces once again lost at the Battle of Kulikovo.
By , Urus Khan had set up court in Sighnaq. He was named Urus, which means Russian in Turkish language , because his mother was apparently a Rus' princess.
In , Urus marched west and occupied Sarai. His nephew and lieutenant Tokhtamysh deserted him and went to Timur for assistance. Tokhtamysh attacked Urus, killing his son Kutlug-Buka, but lost the battle and fled to Samarkand.
Soon after, another general Edigu deserted Urus and went over to Timur. Timur personally attacked Urus in but the campaign ended indecisively.
Urus died the next year and was succeeded by his son, Timur-Melik, who immediately lost Sighnaq to Tokhtamysh. In , Tokhtamysh conquered Sarai. By the s, the Shaybanids and Qashan attempted to break free of the Khan's power.
Tokhtamysh attacked Mamai, who had recently suffered a loss against Muscovy, and defeated him in , thus briefly reestablishing the Golden Horde as a dominant regional power.
Mamai fled to the Genoese who killed him soon after. Tokhtamysh sent an envoy to the Rus' states to resume their tributary status, but the envoy only made it as far as Nizhny Novgorod before he was stopped.
Tokhtamysh immediately seized all the boats on the Volga to ferry his army across and commenced the Siege of Moscow , which fell after three days under a false truce.
The next year most of the Rus' princes once again made obeisance to the khan and received patents from him. Elated by his success, Tokhtamysh invaded Azerbaijan in and seized Tabriz.
He ordered money with his name on it coined in Khwarezm and sent envoys to Egypt to seek an alliance. In , Timur sent an army into Azerbaijan and fought indecisively with the forces of the Golden Horde.
Tokhtamysh invaded Transoxania and reached as far as Bukhara , but failed to take the city, and had to turn back. Timur retaliated by invading Khwarezm and destroyed Urgench.
The battle ended indecisively. In , Timur gathered an army , strong and defeated Tokhtamysh at the Battle of the Kondurcha River.
Tokhtamysh returned in , ravaging the region of Shirvan. In , Timur annihilated Tokhtamysh's army again at the Battle of the Terek River , destroyed his capital, looted the Crimean trade centers, and deported the most skillful craftsmen to his own capital in Samarkand.
Timur's forces reached as far north as Ryazan before turning back. Tokhtamysh died in obscurity in Tyumen around Temür Qutlugh died in and his cousin Shadi Beg was elected khan with Edigu's approval.
After defeating Vytautas, Edigu concentrated on strengthening the Golden Horde. He forbade selling Golden Horde subjects as slaves abroad.
Later on the slave trade was resumed, but only Circassians were allowed to be sold. As a result most of the Mamluk recruits in the 15th century were of Circassian origin.
Timur died in and Edigu took advantage to seize Khwarezm a year later. From to , Edigu gradually regained the eastern Rus' tributaries, with the exception of Moscow, which he failed to take in a siege but ravaged the surrounding area.
Smolensk was also lost to Lithuania. Shadi Beg rebelled against Edigu but was defeated and fled to Astrakhan.
Temur Khan turned against Edigu and forced him to flee to Khwarezm in Temur himself was ousted the next year by Jalal al-Din, who returned from Lithuania and briefly took the throne.
In , Shah Rukh of the Timurids conquered Khwarezm. Edigu fled to the Crimea where he launched raids on Kiev and tried to forge an alliance with Lithuania to win back the horde.
Edigu died in in a skirmish with one of Tokhtamysh's sons. After his death in , the khanate was ruled by the Uzbek khan Abu'l-Khayr Khan. When he died in , the khanate split in two, with the Shaybanid Ibak Khan situated in Chimgi-Tura, and the Taibugid Muhammad at the fortress of Sibir, from which the khanate derives its name.
After , the Golden Horde functionally ceased to exist. Ulugh Muhammad was officially Khan of the Golden Horde but his authority was limited to the lower banks of the Volga where Tokhtamysh's other son Kepek also reigned.
The political situation in the Golden Horde did not stabilize. In , the grandson of Urus Khan , Barak Khan , attacked the reigning khans in the west.
Within two years, Ulugh, Kepek, and another claimant Dawlat Berdi , were defeated. Ulugh Muhammad fled to Lithuania, Kepek tried to raid Odoyev and Ryazan but failed to establish himself in those regions, and Dawlat took advantage of the situation to seize Crimea.
Barak defeated an invasion by Ulugh Beg in but was assassinated the next year. Ulugh Muhammad ousted Dawlat Berdi from Crimea. In , Ulugh Muhammad contributed troops to Vytautas' war against Pskov.
Despite the Golden Horde's extremely reduced status, both Yury of Zvenigorod and Vasily Kosoy still visited Ulugh Muhammad's court in to request a grand ducal patent.
Ulugh Muhammad became master of Belev. Ulugh Muhammad continued to exert influence on Muscovy, occupying Gorodets in Vasily II even wanted him to issue him a patent for the throne, but Ulugh Muhammad attacked him instead at Murom in Despite his victory, Ulugh Muhammad's situation was pressed.
The Golden Horde was no more, he had barely 10, soldiers, and thus could not press the advantage against Moscow. A few months later he released Vasily II for a ransom of 25, rubles.
Unfortunately, Ulugh Muhammad was murdered by his son, Mäxmüd of Kazan , who fled to the middle Volga region and founded the Khanate of Kazan in After Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in , they assumed leadership over most of his followers, and became the Kazakh Khanate.
In , the khan Küchük Muhammad ousted Sayid Ahmad. He attacked Ryazan and suffered a major defeat against the forces of Vasily II. Sayid Ahmad continued to raid Muscovy and in made a direct attack on Moscow.
However he was defeated by Muscovy's ally Qasim Khan. In , Sayid Ahmad tried to take Moscow again and failed. Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin Küchük in , from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the Great Horde.
Mahmud was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Khan bin Küchük in In the summer of , Ahmed organized an attack against Moldavia , the Kingdom of Poland , and Lithuania.
In , Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River.
Ahmed judged the conditions unfavorable and retreated. This incident formally ended the "Tatar Yoke" over Rus' lands.
Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde. They attacked the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which possessed much of the Ukraine at the time in — and reached as far as Lublin in eastern Poland before being decisively beaten at Zaslavl.
The Crimean Khanate , which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in , subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in After seeking refuge in Lithuania, Sheikh Ahmed , last Khan of the Horde, died in prison in Kaunas some time after According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century and it was mentioned in works of Russian publisher Nikolay Novikov in his work of "Ancient Russian Hydrography".
After , Mahmud bin Küchük 's descendants continued to rule in Astrakhan as the khans of the Astrakhan Khanate. The Crimean Tatars wreaked havoc in southern Russia, Ukraine and even Poland in the course of the 16th and early 17th centuries see Crimean—Nogai raids into East Slavic lands , but they were not able to defeat Russia or take Moscow.
Under Ottoman protection, the Khanate of Crimea continued its precarious existence until Catherine the Great annexed it on April 8, It was by far the longest-lived of the successor states to the Golden Horde.
The objective of the Golden Horde in conquered lands revolved around obtaining recruits for the army and exacting tax payments from its subjects.
In most cases the Golden Horde did not implement direct control over the people they conquered. While the Mongols generally did not directly administer the Eastern European lands they conquered, in the cases of the Principality of Pereyaslavl , Principality of Kiev , and Podolia , they removed the native administration altogether and replaced it with their own direct control.
The Kingdom of Galicia—Volhynia , Principality of Smolensk , Principality of Chernigov , and Principality of Novgorod-Seversk retained their princes but also had to contend with Mongol agents who enforced recruitment and tax collection.
The Novgorod Republic was exempt from the presence of Mongol agents after but still had to pay taxes. The Mongols took censuses of Rus' lands in , , , , , and No further censuses were taken after that.
Some places such as the town of Tula became the personal property of individual Mongols such as the Khatun Taidula, the mother of Jani Beg.
The Rus' princes had to receive a patent for his throne from the khan, who then sent an envoy to install the prince on his throne.
From the time of Öz Beg Khan on, a commissioner was appointed by the khan to reside at each of the Rus' principalities' capitals.
Mongol rule loosened in the late 13th century so that some Rus' princes were able to collect taxes as the khan's agents. By the early 14th century, all the grand dukes were collecting taxes by themselves, so that the average people no longer dealt with Mongol overlords while their rulers answered to Sarai.
Mongol rule in Galicia ended with its conquest by the Kingdom of Poland — in The Golden Horde entered severe decline after the death of Berdi Beg in , which started a protracted political crisis lasting two decades.
After , payment of tribute and taxes from Rus' subjects to the declining Golden Horde decreased significantly. In , Nizhny Novgorod rebelled and slaughtered an embassy sent by Mamai.
For a brief period after the victorious Battle of Kulikovo in by Dmitry Donskoy against Mamai, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was free of Mongol control until Tokhtamysh restored Mongol suzerainty over Moscow two years later with the Siege of Moscow Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and asked Vytautas for assistance in retaking the Golden Horde in exchange for suzerainty over the Rus' lands.
From to , Edigu gradually regained control of the eastern Rus' tributaries, with the exception of Moscow, which he failed to take in a siege but ravaged the surrounding countryside.
Smolensk was lost to Lithuania. In , Ulugh Muhammad contributed troops to Vytautas' war against Pskov and despite the horde's reduced size, both Yury of Zvenigorod and Vasily Kosoy still visited Ulugh Muhammad's court in to request a grand ducal patent.
A year later, Ulugh Muhammad was ousted and fled to the town of Belev on the upper Oka River , where he came into conflict with Vasily II of Moscow , whom he defeated twice in battle.
Ulugh Muhammad was murdered in the same year by his son, Mäxmüd of Kazan , who fled to the middle Volga region and founded the Khanate of Kazan.
In , Mäxmüd sent an army against Muscovy but was repelled. Sarai carried on a brisk trade with the Genoese trade emporiums on the coast of the Black Sea — Soldaia , Caffa , and Azak.
Mamluk Egypt was the Khans' long-standing trade partner and ally in the Mediterranean. According to Baumer [] the natural trade route was down the Volga to Serai where it intersected the east-west route north of the Caspian, and then down the west side of the Caspian to Tabriz in Persian Azerbaijan where it met the larger east-west route south of the Caspian.
This led to several wars on the west side of the Caspian which the Horde usually lost. The interruption of trade and conflict with Persia led the Horde to build trading towns along the northern route.
They also allied with the Mamluks of Egypt who were the Il-Khan's enemies. Trade between the Horde and Egypt was carried by the Genoese based in Crimea.
An important part of this trade was slaves for the Mamluk army. Trade was weakened by a quarrel with the Genoese in and a Mumluk-Persian peace in Circa the Ilkhanate began to disintegrate which shifted trade north.
Around the route north of the Caspian was described by Pegolotti. In a Horde siege of the Genoese Crimean port of Kaffa led to the spread of the black death to Europe.
In Tamerlane laid waste to the Horde's trading towns. Since they had no agricultural hinterland many of the towns vanished and trade shifted south.
There existed four mingghans 4, of the Jalayir in the left wing of the Ulus of Jochi Golden Horde. The population of the Golden Horde was largely a mixture of Turks and Mongols who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of Finno-Ugrians , Sarmato-Scythians , Slavs , and people from the Caucasus , among others whether Muslim or not.
The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class.
Russians preserved this common name for this group down to the 20th century. Whereas most members of this group identified themselves by their ethnic or tribal names, most also considered themselves to be Muslims.
Most of the population, both agricultural and nomadic, adopted the Kypchak language , which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated.
Their supreme ruler was the Khan , chosen by the kurultai among Batu Khan 's descendants. The prime minister, also ethnically Mongol, was known as " prince of princes ", or beklare-bek.
The ministers were called viziers. Local governors, or basqaqs , were responsible for levying taxes and dealing with popular discontent.
Civil and military administration, as a rule, were not separate. The Horde developed as a sedentary rather than nomadic culture, with Sarai evolving into a large, prosperous metropolis.
In the early 14th century, the capital was moved considerably upstream to Sarai Berqe , which became one of the largest cities of the medieval world, with , inhabitants.
Despite Russian efforts at proselytizing in Sarai , the Mongols clung to their traditional animist or shamanist beliefs until Uzbeg Khan —41 adopted Islam as a state religion.
Several rulers of Kievan Rus' — Mikhail of Chernigov and Mikhail of Tver among them — were reportedly assassinated in Sarai, but the Khans were generally tolerant and even released the Russian Orthodox Church from paying taxes.
The Mongols favored decimal organization , which was inherited from Genghis Khan. It is said that there were a total of ten political divisions within the Golden Horde.
A genetic study published in Nature in May examined the remains of two Golden Horde males buried in the Ulytau District in Kazakhstan ca. Mongols chase Hungarian king from Mohi , detail from Chronicon Pictum.
The sack of Suzdal by Batu Khan in , miniature from 16th-century chronicle. The battle of Liegnitz , From a medieval manuscript of the Hedwig legend.
Drawing of Mongols of the Golden Horde outside Vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking the city.
Paiza of Abdullah Khan r. A Rus' prince being punished by the Golden Horde. Tode Mongke — Talabuga — Toqta — Abdullah — Mamai de facto ruler Muhammad Bolaq — Urus Khan — Temur-Malik Tokhtamysh — From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Mongol khanate established in the 13th century. For other uses, see Golden Horde disambiguation. Mongol Khanate.
Golden Horde Ulus of Jochi [a]. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the s, or earlier, also used in chancery.
Further information: Wings of the Golden Horde. Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. Mongol invasions of Poland.
Mongol invasion of Hungary. See also: Timeline of the Golden Horde. Division of the Mongol Empire. Main article: Berke—Hulagu war.
See also: Tokhtamysh—Timur war. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards , as The second part of this chapter is a carbon copy of other paragraphs.
It should explain how the Golden Horde lost its administrative influence, not historical events already described.
You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. October See also: Wings of the Golden Horde. The Mongol army captures a Rus' city.
Das liegt eventuell auch daran, dass sich beide Herrschaftsbereiche im Westen Sibiriens vielfach überschnitten. Analog dazu setzte sich unter Usbek Khan das islamische Recht durch, man hielt sich im Dschingis Khan hatte schon zu Lebzeiten um nach einem Streit der Prinzen nicht seinen ältesten Sohn Dschötschi, sondern den mittelgeborenen Ögedei zu seinem Nachfolger bestimmt. Trotz mangelhafter politischer Einheit war der Zusammenhalt innerhalb des Mongolischen Reiches auch nach noch deutlich erkennbar. Noch im selben Winter schlossen sie ein Bündnis mit venezianischen Kaufleuten ; im Gegenzug für Karten und detaillierte Informationen über Fire With Fire Stream und Westeuropa zerstörten sie auf der Halbinsel Kertsch die Genueserstadt Sudak [14]. Die Goldene Horde verbündete sich in diesen Konflikten sogar mit den Mamluken von Ägypten, welche zum Teil vorher als türkische Söldner der Goldenen Horde gedient hatten. Die Simpsons Staffel 1 Folge 1 ist vor allem zugutezuhalten, dass sie die bis heute weit verbreitete Fehlbezeichnung der Mongolen als Ta r taren [49] als einen vermutlich dem französischen König Ludwig IX. Auch die Khane selbst zogen es vor, im Sommer in X Men Dark Phoenix Trailer und nicht im Palast zu wohnen. Al-Musta'sim konnte einen ersten Angriff abwehren, unterlag dann aber. Allerdings Beverly Hillbillies dieses Unterfangen zunächst nicht vordringlich; zwei Feldzüge und beispielsweise dienten eher einer Ablenkung von innenpolitischen Streitigkeiten während des Interregnums zwischen Ögedei Khan und seinem Sohn Güyük Khan.
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